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Basic Electronics
Full title: Science Ebooks Basic Electronics
Online Ebook with simulations and troubleshooting.
a science-ebooks.com publication
Cover Sheet
Below: One of many animations used throughout book..
Silicon Waver Production Click here!
Use Top Navigation Bar to navigate to any of four Ebooks
Chapter.1
Matter and Electricity
Atom and Electricity Links Below::
Read About matter and electricity.
Periodic Table of the Elements, Click Here!
Electricity is a physical phenomena involving positive and negative charge. When these charges are in motion they may produce heat, light and magnetism. When charges are not in motion, static electricity can manifests itself as a force such as clothes clinging to each other when they are removed from a dryer.
A simple stationary system of a single positive ion and a single negative ion (or electron) separated by large distance with respect to their size ( a meter for example) will have a E field associated with them. Along the axis connecting the two ions the E vector points directly from the positive ion towards the negative ion. At this theoretical point in time there is no H field. The E field will cause the charge particles to move towards each other. This relative motion of positive and negative charge is the simplest example of current. Associated with this tiny current a magnetic or H field will exist. The motion of the positive charge will be in the direction of the E field and the negative charge will move in the opposite direction of the E field. Current by definition flows in the direction of the E field. It follows that positive charge moves in the direction of current and negative charge moves opposite to the current.
Practical Application of above: When I studied electronics in the military, I learned the electron flow version of electronics. When I studied Physics in college, we used conventional current flow. This made remembering things like the left hand rule and right rules for curl etc. very confusing. Thus, I recommend not buying an electron flow version of a text and sticking with conventional current flow.
Turn this Site into a talking eBook, download soundtrack. Click Here!
Chapter 2
OHMS LAW
Our Lecture (Text Only)
Open MP3 Lecture in New Window, then minimize New Window and continue to listen and view animation.
The current produced in a circuit by a DC voltage is directly proportional to the DC voltage. The constant of proportionality is resistance, R which is a property of matter and resistor demensions.
V = IR
Ohms Low Demonstration
for I =V/R
Listen to Current/Voltage Lecture (MP3)
Open MP3 Lecture in New Window, then minimize New Window and continue to listen and view animation.
More on Ohms Law including Power Dissipation in resistors, Click Here!
Also See (Right Click, then Open)
Impedance Calculators- resistive, inductive, capacitive, and resonant.
Chapter 3 Sound
Series Circuits
Our Lecture (Text Only)
OR
Select one of Simulations or Animation Below
Series Circuit Java Troubleshooting Simulations. Includes 4 series circuits with a total of 16 inserted faults.
Want more troubleshooting animation and simulation try exercises below.
Troubleshooting Exercise: Series Circuit
Troubleshooting Exercise: Go to Video Gallery TOC: "1","2", and "3".
Turn this Site into a talking eBook, download soundtrack. Click Here!
Also select 22, and 23 of Video ( AVI. ) Matrix. The Matrix is part of the Science Ebook Library. Using 22 as baseline determine fault in 23.
Summary
In a series circuit the current is the same in each resistor or component in the circuit. Thus Vt = IRt, V1 = IR1, Vn = IRn. Thus it follows Ohms law can be reduce to an expression without I. Since measuring current is rarely possible on a multi-layer circuit* board and voltage is usually quit simple.
Vt/Rt = V1/R1 = V2/R2 = Vn/Rn. where the t subscript = total.
An experienced technician can usually determine when the voltage drop across a resistor is not proportional. A novice can simply list the voltage drops in the order of resistance. Measure the drop across the smallest resistance first and the largest resistance last. The voltage drops listed should be in increasing order also.
* Though even DC currents can be measured using the Hall Effect, it is difficult to do so when printed circuit lands are in close proximity and magnetic fields overlap.
Switch to Tutorial
Chapter.4 Sound
Parallel Circuits
Our Lecture (Text Only)
OR
Select one of the Simulations or Animation Below
Parallel Circuit Troubleshooting
In parallel circuits the applied voltage is the same across each parallel branch, and the current in each branch equals the applied voltage divided by the resistance of the branch.
Why does ammeter[A] read negative? Answer Below:
In above circuit the current in each branch is the same because resistors are the same. In the circuit below one resistor changed value.
Observe ammeter reading and determine which resistor failed. Answer Below.
Why does Ammeter [A] read negative?
Answer: Because of orientation of Ammeter. If I connected + side of Ammeter [A] to plus side 5VDC source than meter would read positive but the "A" would be upside down.
In lower animation, which resistor failed?
Answer R2 resistance increased.
JavaScript for scientific Calculation You may have noticed that I have not discussed calculations in this tutorial. I teach calculations using JavaScript. JavaScript programs can be developed with Notepad and Internet Explorer. These programs are on most computers that use Windows.
These animations are great for those who have an electronics book and want to test their skills, but what about viewers without an electronics book. Don't fret, download our free eBook: Electronic Concepts . Just a click away.
For more information Switch to Tutorial page. BASIC ELECTRONICS
Table of Contents
Free Java Script Catalog (Calculators and Games) New site for engineering students: Electronics Circuit Principles and Design
Download our Free e-Book: Electronic Concepts released Oct. 2006
Read "The Energy Matrix" eZine and learn about alternative energy.
Select chapter from Table of Contents or select another site or e-book.
| Basic TOC(Table of Contents) Meter Math Military Electronics Electrical Energy | Chapter 5
Below we see a good Universal Ammeter being tested. External Ammeter and Current Source are part of test setup. External Ammeter always reads correct.
External Ammeter always reads correct. Note that External Ammeter does not always agree with Universal Ammeter shown below. Determine which Universal Ammeter component has failed. Is it R1, R2, R3, 2 ma switch, 10 ma switch, 100 ma switch or Meter Movement.
Answer Below
To Troubleshoot JAVA Simulation of this circuit Click Here!
Answer Below
Answer: Meter Movement
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Parallel Circuit Demonstration Parallel Circuit Java Troubleshooting Simulations Resistor Networks Troubleshooting JavaScript for scientific Calculation You may have noticed that I have not discussed calculations in this tutorial. I teach calculations using JavaScript. JavaScript programs can be developed with Notepad and Internet Explorer. These programs are on most computers that use Windows. Turn this Site into a talking eBook, download soundtrack. Click Here!
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BASIC ELECTRONICS
Table of Contents
Free Java Script Catalog (Calculators and Games) New site for engineering students: Electronics Circuit Principles and Design
Download our Free e-Book: Electronic Concepts released Oct. 2006
Read "The Energy Matrix" eZine and learn about alternative energy.
Select chapter from Table of Contents or select another site or e-book.
| Basic TOC(Table of Contents) Meter Math Military Electronics Electrical Energy | Chapter 6
It is possible to generate electricity by spinning a coil within a magnetic field. A sinusoidal voltage is generated as a result of this spinning coil. Read Site Linker 31 and 40. Use Menu to find AC topics. View R2 Applet: "The relations between circular motion, simple harmonic motion and wave"
Capacitor Demonstration: To See more circuit animations like this.
The animation below shows the input and output of the differentiator circuit. The signal Generator provides a 1 khz square wave input to RC circuit. C is provided by a virtual capacitance decade box.
Vertical sensitivity = 1 volt/cm RC Circuit Demonstration:
JavaScript for scientific Calculation You may have noticed that I have not discussed calculations in this tutorial. I teach calculations using JavaScript. JavaScript programs can be developed with Notepad and Internet Explorer. These programs are on most computers that use Windows.
Also See: Impedance Calculators- resistive, inductive, capacitive, and resonant. Many more engineering calculators: Click here!
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Complex Passive Filters
In this Chapter you will troubleshoot a sophisticated Chepyshev High-pass and a Chepyshev Low-pass filter.
Notes:
1. The band-pass plots are generated strictly on the basis of voltage measurements. It is a graph of log (V^2) not the log (V^2/R) , and It is not it based on the vector product of current and voltage. Only when the input and output impedances are equal (Rs = RL), does the graph truly represent actual output verses input power.
2. Note. Some schematics contain contain the label RL( Rload) in for both input resistance and the load resistance. The input resistance should have been labeled Rs.
Chepyshev High-pass filter Chepyshev Low-pass filter
New! If you like this type of training, I recommend that you get my latest free e-book Electronic Concepts .
The key element of the Virtual Electronics Teaching system is our free e-book: Electronic Concepts. This e-book teaches electronics by explaining the operation of a variety of circuits. It covers basic networks, transistors, regulated power supplies and much more. Electronic Concepts is a hybrid e-book. Our hybrid e-books are meant to be read while viewing an Internet slideshow using our Internet Slide Show Control Matrix. Electronic Concepts can be downloaded from the Slide Show Control Matrix page in zipped PDF format. [ Go there! ] Download and print book. Read book while watching slideshow. Book directs you to control online slideshow by clicking numbers in Control Matrix.
Amazon Product Showcase
Welcome to science-ebooks.com Virtual Electronics Teaching system. If you like this type of training, I recommend that you get my latest free e-book Electronic Concepts .
The key element of our Virtual Electronics Teaching system is our free e-book: Electronic Concepts. This e-book teaches electronics by explaining the operation of a variety of circuits. It covers basic networks, transistors, regulated power supplies and much more. Electronic Concepts is a hybrid e-book. Our hybrid e-books are meant to be read while viewing an Internet slideshow using our Internet Slide Show Control Matrix. Electronic Concepts can be downloaded from the Slide Show Control Matrix page in zipped PDF format. [ Go there! ] Download and print book. Read book while watching slideshow. Book directs you to control online slideshow with
Chapter 7 Sound
Diodes and Transistor Circuits
Click Here! and interact with Clipping Circuit Applet.
Full Wave Rectifier.
The scope shows the waveform at TP1(Red) and the output of the rectifier (Green). The animation shows the effect of varying C from 1.0 uf to 1000 uf on the ripple voltage of the rectified output.
Vert. 2V/division Horiz. 5 msec/division
To Troubleshoot Rectifier Circuits Click Here!
Regulated Power Supply
If you would like to troubleshoot above regulated power supply circuit. Click here to go to exercises in Troubleshooting Workbook. To Troubleshoot circuit below Click here .
To observe operation of circuit below. Click Here!
BASIC ELECTRONICS
Table of Contents
Free Java Script Catalog (Calculators and Games) New site for engineering students: Electronics Circuit Principles and Design
Download our Free e-Book: Electronic Concepts released Oct. 2006
Read "The Energy Matrix" eZine and learn about alternative energy.
Select chapter from Table of Contents or select another site or e-book.
| Basic TOC(Table of Contents) Meter Math Military Electronics Electrical Energy | Chapter 8
Note the circuit above has a problem.
Numerical Systems
Boolean Operators Multiplication (AND) Addition (OR) Negation (NOT) 0 · 0 = 0 0 + 0 = 0 Not 0 = 1 0 · 1 = 0 0 + 1 = 1 Not 1 = 0 1 · 0 = 0 1 + 0 = 1 1 · 1 = 1 1 + 1 = 1 Note that the AND operator "· " used in Boolean Multiplication operates in a identical manner to the multiplication operator used in arithmetic. The OR operator used in Boolean addition follows the same rules used in arithmetic addition except 1 + 1 = 1 rather than 2. The NOT operator is often written as bar above the variable.
Electronic Logic Gates The three Gates shown schematically below are all that is required to electronically implement the three Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) electronically. Logic gates can be made with vacuum tubes, relays, or discrete transistors, but today gates generally reside on Integrated Circuits. Logic Gates operate in a binary mode where each input and output is in either one of two states expressed as: 0/1, True/False, High/Low or On/Off.
Truth Tables for GATES The relationship between inputs and outputs of Gates or the effect of Boolean operators can be shown with truth tables. The truth tables for the AND, OR, and NOT operators are shown below.
As in regular algebra there are mathematical rules that must be followed. The following basic laws are the same for both Boolean and ordinary algebra. Commutative Law: Associative Law of Addition Associative Law of multiplication Distributive Law Click Here! to troubleshoot a Comparator circuit problem.
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BASIC ELECTRONICS
Table of Contents
Free Java Script Catalog (Calculators and Games) New site for engineering students: Electronics Circuit Principles and Design
Download our Free e-Book: Electronic Concepts released Oct. 2006
Read "The Energy Matrix" eZine and learn about alternative energy.
Select chapter from Table of Contents or select another site or e-book.
| Basic TOC(Table of Contents) Meter Math Military Electronics Electrical Energy | Chapter 9 Sound New(2005): Troubleshoot a Three stage high gain transistor amplifier. Professional level Troubleshooting. Click Here! See our Differential Amplifier Circuit animation.
Operational Amplifier Lecture (MP3) Open MP3 Lecture in New Window, then minimize New Window and continue to listen and view animations below. Inverting Amplifier Circuit
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BASIC ELECTRONICS
The navigation bar to the right is a very comprehensive list of topics in basic electronics and is listed in a suggested order.
THIS BASIC ELECTRONICS TUTORIALS SITE
Following a lot of requests from newcomers I have provided a separate page called "starting out in basic electronics". This is a good "check-list" page to start out.
If you want a reasonably good grounding don't forget to review electron theory and atoms this is the very basis of electronics.
This chapter basic electronics is the most important of all for newcomers. Without a thorough grasp of basic electronics you will never fully understand the later and much more complicated electronics tutorials. As a suggestion start by reviewing some radio terminolgy A to L and radio terminolgy M to Z, then come back. In particular I would commend everyone to read my page on earth dangers. I think it ought to be compulsory reading.
Here you should gain a full understanding of basics electronics. The basic electronics topics cover everything necessary for your continued understanding of the much more advanced topics presented later.
OHMS LAW, POWER, VOLTAGE, CURRENT AND RESISTANCE
You must have a good grasp of ohms law, an understanding of power, voltage, current and resistance. These are the first fundamental units we work with in electronics.
CAPACITANCE, INDUCTANCE, REACTANCE, IMPEDANCE AND "Q"
Capacitance, inductance as well as reactance which leads on to impedance and "Q". These are the next essential units to gain an understanding of basic electronics. Once mastered - ohms law, power, voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance, impedance and "Q" you have then covered the very essentials of basic electronics.
MORE BASIC ELECTRONICS - IMPEDANCE MATCHING, TRANSFORMERS
Very popular basic electronics topics are impedance matching and the wide variety of transformers ranging from power transformers, audio transformers and wide band rf transformers. We also have a brief introduction to the topic of baluns.
TRANSISTORS, DIODES, INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND VACUUM TUBES
Obviously in this modern age transistors are the most used active device. This includes the concept that for all practical purposes integrated circuits comprise masses of transistors so arranged as to operate in a specific way. Every basic electronics tutorial should give a reasonable depth of study to these remarkable devices.
The basic electronics tutorials will then proceed to deal with diodes in their many forms, integrated circuits both linear and digital. We have included basic electronics tutorials on vacuum tubes or valves because many people believe they offer advantages transistors do not. There has also been renewed interest in vacuum tube technology in recent years if for no other reason than nostalgia.
POWER SUPPLY
We have included the section on power supplies here because it is also fundamental to basic electronics and every project needs a power supply. That tutorial leads you on to a wide range of other regulated power supply topics.
NEW! A topic I am frequently asked about - switched mode power supplies. Comprehensive resources provided.
DIGITAL BASICS
Of further interest are the topics on digital basics which of necessity covers a very huge area.
OTHER IMPORTANT BASIC ELECTRONICS TOPICS IN THIS DIRECTORY
These other important topics are included in this directory on basic electronics are attenuators, baluns, chokes, coil forms, decibels, power supplies, "Q", S Meters, soldering techniques, toroids, wide band RF transformers
OTHER IMPORTANT ELECTRONICS DIRECTORIES ON THIS SITE
Other important electronics directories on this site include amateur radio, amplifier design, antennas, component kits, data sheets, electronic devices, downloads, electronics on video, lc filters and more, ham radio, let's have a laugh with some humour, instructional videos on electronics, oscillators, radio receiver design and radio design, software, test equipment, transmitters
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Updated 22nd January, 2002
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